See yr in All languages combined, or Wiktionary
{
"etymology_number": 1,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "wlm",
"2": "the"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "etymid"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "wlm",
"2": "owl",
"3": "ir"
},
"expansion": "Old Welsh ir",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "wlm",
"2": "cel-pro",
"3": "*sindos"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Celtic *sindos",
"name": "der"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Old Welsh ir, ultimately from Proto-Celtic *sindos.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "’r",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "y",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
}
],
"lang": "Middle Welsh",
"lang_code": "wlm",
"pos": "article",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Middle Welsh articles",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"the"
],
"id": "en-yr-wlm-article-uXdtfd9F",
"links": [
[
"the",
"the"
]
],
"tags": [
"definite"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ər/"
}
],
"word": "yr"
}
{
"etymology_number": 2,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "wlm",
"2": "after heb"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "etymid"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "wlm"
},
"expansion": "Uncertain",
"name": "unc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "<span class=\"cited-source\">Morris Jones, John (<span class=\"None\" lang=\"und\">1913), <cite>A Welsh Grammar, Historical and Comparative</cite>, Oxford: Clarendon Press, § 198 iii, pages 377–78</span></span>"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "ref"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "<span class=\"cited-source\">Evans, D. Simon (<span class=\"None\" lang=\"und\">1964), <cite>A Grammar of Middle Welsh</cite> (Medieval and Modern Welsh Series; supplementary volume), Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies, <small>→ISBN</small>, section 170, page 154</span></span>"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "ref"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "cel-pro",
"2": "*sekʷeti"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Celtic *sekʷeti",
"name": "m+"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-pro",
"2": "*sekʷ-",
"id": "say",
"t": "to say"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *sekʷ- (“to say”)",
"name": "m+"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Uncertain. Certainly not the definite article, as it appears before proper nouns and personal pronouns, neither of which is normally preceded by the article. Held by Morris Jones and Evans to be originally a deponent ending; thus heb yr would be originally a single word, from something like *sekʷ‑re. However, there is no evidence that Proto-Celtic *sekʷeti or Proto-Indo-European *sekʷ- (“to say”) ever took deponent endings, nor is *‑re a known deponent verb ending.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "y",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
}
],
"lang": "Middle Welsh",
"lang_code": "wlm",
"pos": "particle",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "0 14 72 14",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Middle Welsh entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "0 9 81 9",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Middle Welsh particles",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "0 19 61 19",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Middle Welsh relative pro-forms",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
15,
17
]
],
"english": "“O Chieftain,” said Havgan, “what right hast thou to cause my death?”",
"ref": "14th century, anonymous author, translated by Charlotte Guest, edited by R. L. Thomson, Pwyll Pendeuic Dyuet (Mediaeval and Modern Welsh Series; vol. I), Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies, published 1980, page 5, lines 116–17:",
"text": "‘A unben,’ heb yr Hafgan, ‘pa dylyet a oed iti ar uy angheu i?’",
"translation": "“O Chieftain,” said Havgan, “what right hast thou to cause my death?”",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"meaningless particle used after heb (“says, said”)"
],
"id": "en-yr-wlm-particle-v8iIG5l7",
"links": [
[
"heb",
"heb#Middle_Welsh"
]
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ər/"
}
],
"word": "yr"
}
{
"etymology_number": 3,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "wlm",
"2": "yd"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "etymid"
}
],
"lang": "Middle Welsh",
"lang_code": "wlm",
"pos": "particle",
"senses": [
{
"alt_of": [
{
"word": "yð"
}
],
"categories": [],
"glosses": [
"alternative form of yð"
],
"id": "en-yr-wlm-particle-3o7w0-FF",
"links": [
[
"yð",
"yd#Middle_Welsh"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(rare) alternative form of yð"
],
"tags": [
"alt-of",
"alternative",
"rare"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ər/"
}
],
"word": "yr"
}
{
"etymology_number": 3,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
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"2": "yd"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "etymid"
}
],
"lang": "Middle Welsh",
"lang_code": "wlm",
"pos": "conj",
"senses": [
{
"alt_of": [
{
"word": "yð"
}
],
"categories": [],
"glosses": [
"alternative form of yð"
],
"id": "en-yr-wlm-conj-3o7w0-FF",
"links": [
[
"yð",
"yd#Middle_Welsh"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(rare) alternative form of yð"
],
"tags": [
"alt-of",
"alternative",
"rare"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ər/"
}
],
"word": "yr"
}
{
"categories": [
"Middle Welsh articles",
"Middle Welsh conjunctions",
"Middle Welsh entries with incorrect language header",
"Middle Welsh lemmas",
"Middle Welsh particles",
"Middle Welsh relative pro-forms",
"Middle Welsh terms derived from Old Welsh",
"Middle Welsh terms derived from Proto-Celtic",
"Pages with 11 entries",
"Pages with entries"
],
"etymology_number": 1,
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"2": "the"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "etymid"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "wlm",
"2": "owl",
"3": "ir"
},
"expansion": "Old Welsh ir",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "wlm",
"2": "cel-pro",
"3": "*sindos"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Celtic *sindos",
"name": "der"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Old Welsh ir, ultimately from Proto-Celtic *sindos.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "’r",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "y",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
}
],
"lang": "Middle Welsh",
"lang_code": "wlm",
"pos": "article",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"the"
],
"links": [
[
"the",
"the"
]
],
"tags": [
"definite"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ər/"
}
],
"word": "yr"
}
{
"categories": [
"Middle Welsh conjunctions",
"Middle Welsh entries with incorrect language header",
"Middle Welsh lemmas",
"Middle Welsh particles",
"Middle Welsh relative pro-forms",
"Middle Welsh terms with unknown etymologies",
"Pages with 11 entries",
"Pages with entries"
],
"etymology_number": 2,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "wlm",
"2": "after heb"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "etymid"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "wlm"
},
"expansion": "Uncertain",
"name": "unc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "<span class=\"cited-source\">Morris Jones, John (<span class=\"None\" lang=\"und\">1913), <cite>A Welsh Grammar, Historical and Comparative</cite>, Oxford: Clarendon Press, § 198 iii, pages 377–78</span></span>"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "ref"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "<span class=\"cited-source\">Evans, D. Simon (<span class=\"None\" lang=\"und\">1964), <cite>A Grammar of Middle Welsh</cite> (Medieval and Modern Welsh Series; supplementary volume), Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies, <small>→ISBN</small>, section 170, page 154</span></span>"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "ref"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "cel-pro",
"2": "*sekʷeti"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Celtic *sekʷeti",
"name": "m+"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-pro",
"2": "*sekʷ-",
"id": "say",
"t": "to say"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *sekʷ- (“to say”)",
"name": "m+"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Uncertain. Certainly not the definite article, as it appears before proper nouns and personal pronouns, neither of which is normally preceded by the article. Held by Morris Jones and Evans to be originally a deponent ending; thus heb yr would be originally a single word, from something like *sekʷ‑re. However, there is no evidence that Proto-Celtic *sekʷeti or Proto-Indo-European *sekʷ- (“to say”) ever took deponent endings, nor is *‑re a known deponent verb ending.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "y",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
}
],
"lang": "Middle Welsh",
"lang_code": "wlm",
"pos": "particle",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Middle Welsh terms with quotations"
],
"examples": [
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
15,
17
]
],
"english": "“O Chieftain,” said Havgan, “what right hast thou to cause my death?”",
"ref": "14th century, anonymous author, translated by Charlotte Guest, edited by R. L. Thomson, Pwyll Pendeuic Dyuet (Mediaeval and Modern Welsh Series; vol. I), Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies, published 1980, page 5, lines 116–17:",
"text": "‘A unben,’ heb yr Hafgan, ‘pa dylyet a oed iti ar uy angheu i?’",
"translation": "“O Chieftain,” said Havgan, “what right hast thou to cause my death?”",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"meaningless particle used after heb (“says, said”)"
],
"links": [
[
"heb",
"heb#Middle_Welsh"
]
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ər/"
}
],
"word": "yr"
}
{
"categories": [
"Middle Welsh conjunctions",
"Middle Welsh entries with incorrect language header",
"Middle Welsh lemmas",
"Middle Welsh particles",
"Middle Welsh relative pro-forms",
"Pages with 11 entries",
"Pages with entries"
],
"etymology_number": 3,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "wlm",
"2": "yd"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "etymid"
}
],
"lang": "Middle Welsh",
"lang_code": "wlm",
"pos": "particle",
"senses": [
{
"alt_of": [
{
"word": "yð"
}
],
"categories": [
"Middle Welsh rare terms"
],
"glosses": [
"alternative form of yð"
],
"links": [
[
"yð",
"yd#Middle_Welsh"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(rare) alternative form of yð"
],
"tags": [
"alt-of",
"alternative",
"rare"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ər/"
}
],
"word": "yr"
}
{
"categories": [
"Middle Welsh conjunctions",
"Middle Welsh entries with incorrect language header",
"Middle Welsh lemmas",
"Middle Welsh particles",
"Middle Welsh relative pro-forms",
"Pages with 11 entries",
"Pages with entries"
],
"etymology_number": 3,
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{
"args": {
"1": "wlm",
"2": "yd"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "etymid"
}
],
"lang": "Middle Welsh",
"lang_code": "wlm",
"pos": "conj",
"senses": [
{
"alt_of": [
{
"word": "yð"
}
],
"categories": [
"Middle Welsh rare terms"
],
"glosses": [
"alternative form of yð"
],
"links": [
[
"yð",
"yd#Middle_Welsh"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(rare) alternative form of yð"
],
"tags": [
"alt-of",
"alternative",
"rare"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ər/"
}
],
"word": "yr"
}
Download raw JSONL data for yr meaning in Middle Welsh (5.1kB)
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable Middle Welsh dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2026-05-27 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2026-05-01 using wiktextract (4997730 and 9380997). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.